Global Food Market Size, Industry Analysis By Segmentations, Top Key Players, Trends, Future Development & Forecast 2024-2035
- PUBLISHED ON
- 10/11/2022
- NO OF PAGES
- 224
- CATEGORY
- Food & Beverages
The Food market report is a perfect foundation for people looking out for a comprehensive study and analysis of the Food market. On the basis of historic growth analysis and current scenario of Food market place, the report intends to offer actionable insights and outlook on global / regional market growth projections. Authenticated data presented in report is based on findings of extensive primary and secondary research. Insights drawn from data serve as excellent tool that facilitate deeper understanding of multiple aspects of global Food market. These further helps users with their developmental strategy.
This report examines all the key factors influencing growth of global Food market, including demand-supply scenario, pricing structure, profit margins, production and value chain / ecosystem analysis. Regional assessment of global Food market unlocks a plethora of untapped opportunities in regional and domestic market places. Detailed company profiling enables users to evaluate company shares analysis, emerging product lines, scope of NPD in new markets, pricing strategies, innovation possibilities and much more.
Global Food Market: Major Players
Nestlé
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Cargill
JBS
Danone
PepsiCo, Inc.
Mars
Smithfield Foods/WH Group
Kraft Heinz Company
Suntory
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Tyson Foods
The Coca-Cola Company
Olam International
Mondelez International
Global Food Market: By Types
Pet food
Baby Food
Meat Stuff
Condiments
Breakfast Cereals
Baked Goods
Instant Noodles
Snacks and Cookies
Frozen Food
Others
Global Food Market: By Applications
Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
Convenience Stores
Online Retailers
Others
Global Food Market: Regional Analysis
All the regional segmentation has been studied based on recent and future trends, and the market is forecasted throughout the prediction period. The countries covered in the regional analysis of the Global Food market report are U.S., Canada, and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, and Rest of Europe in Europe, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific (APAC), Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, South Africa, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa (MEA) as a part of Middle East and Africa (MEA), and Argentina, Brazil, and Rest of South America as part of South America.
Global Food Market: Market Size Estimation
Both the top-down and bottom-up approaches were used to estimate and validate the size of the market and to estimate the size of various other dependent sub-markets of various marketspaces. The key players in the markets are identified through secondary research, and their market contributions in different applications across regions and globally were determined through primary and secondary research. This entire process included the study of the annual and financial reports of the top market players and extensive interviews for key insights with industry leaders such as CEOs, VPs, directors, and marketing executives. All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns were determined using secondary sources and verified through primary sources. All the possible parameters that affect the market covered in this research study have been accounted for, viewed in extensive detail, verified through primary research, and analysed to arrive at the final quantitative and qualitative data. This data has been consolidated, and detailed inputs and analysis from Analytics Market Research added before being presented in this report.
Frequently Asked Questions
• What is the market size and growth projections?
• What is the market size and growth projection for each of the market segments and sub-segments across Countries & Regions?
• What are the top performing segments, and countries / regions of each of the markets?
• What is the market size and growth rate across key countries / regions?
• How big is the global & regional market in terms of revenue and volume?
• How far market will grow in forecast period in terms of revenue and volume?
• What factors will influence demand and supply trends across each markets during the forecast period?
• What are the technology trends shaping various markets?
• Which country / region has more opportunities?
• What is the COVID-19 impact on the market and how long will it take to recover?
• Who are the key competitors of market Players?
• What are the market share (%) of Key Players?
• What are the Merger & Acquisition, New Product Launch, Recent Development within each of the Markets?
• What are PEST analysis, Ecosystem Analysis, Porter's Five Forecast Analysis, Ansoff Matrix, and SWOT Analysis among other analyses for diverse markets?
Base Year: 2023This report examines all the key factors influencing growth of global Food market, including demand-supply scenario, pricing structure, profit margins, production and value chain / ecosystem analysis. Regional assessment of global Food market unlocks a plethora of untapped opportunities in regional and domestic market places. Detailed company profiling enables users to evaluate company shares analysis, emerging product lines, scope of NPD in new markets, pricing strategies, innovation possibilities and much more.
Global Food Market: Major Players
Nestlé
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Cargill
JBS
Danone
PepsiCo, Inc.
Mars
Smithfield Foods/WH Group
Kraft Heinz Company
Suntory
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Tyson Foods
The Coca-Cola Company
Olam International
Mondelez International
Global Food Market: By Types
Pet food
Baby Food
Meat Stuff
Condiments
Breakfast Cereals
Baked Goods
Instant Noodles
Snacks and Cookies
Frozen Food
Others
Global Food Market: By Applications
Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
Convenience Stores
Online Retailers
Others
Global Food Market: Regional Analysis
All the regional segmentation has been studied based on recent and future trends, and the market is forecasted throughout the prediction period. The countries covered in the regional analysis of the Global Food market report are U.S., Canada, and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, and Rest of Europe in Europe, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific (APAC), Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, South Africa, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa (MEA) as a part of Middle East and Africa (MEA), and Argentina, Brazil, and Rest of South America as part of South America.
Global Food Market: Market Size Estimation
Both the top-down and bottom-up approaches were used to estimate and validate the size of the market and to estimate the size of various other dependent sub-markets of various marketspaces. The key players in the markets are identified through secondary research, and their market contributions in different applications across regions and globally were determined through primary and secondary research. This entire process included the study of the annual and financial reports of the top market players and extensive interviews for key insights with industry leaders such as CEOs, VPs, directors, and marketing executives. All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns were determined using secondary sources and verified through primary sources. All the possible parameters that affect the market covered in this research study have been accounted for, viewed in extensive detail, verified through primary research, and analysed to arrive at the final quantitative and qualitative data. This data has been consolidated, and detailed inputs and analysis from Analytics Market Research added before being presented in this report.
Frequently Asked Questions
• What is the market size and growth projections?
• What is the market size and growth projection for each of the market segments and sub-segments across Countries & Regions?
• What are the top performing segments, and countries / regions of each of the markets?
• What is the market size and growth rate across key countries / regions?
• How big is the global & regional market in terms of revenue and volume?
• How far market will grow in forecast period in terms of revenue and volume?
• What factors will influence demand and supply trends across each markets during the forecast period?
• What are the technology trends shaping various markets?
• Which country / region has more opportunities?
• What is the COVID-19 impact on the market and how long will it take to recover?
• Who are the key competitors of market Players?
• What are the market share (%) of Key Players?
• What are the Merger & Acquisition, New Product Launch, Recent Development within each of the Markets?
• What are PEST analysis, Ecosystem Analysis, Porter's Five Forecast Analysis, Ansoff Matrix, and SWOT Analysis among other analyses for diverse markets?
Historic Year: 2016-2022
Forecast: 2024-2035
1 Food Introduction and Market Overview
1.1 Objectives of the Study
1.2 Overview of Food
1.3 Food Market Scope and Market Size Estimation
1.3.1 Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis
1.3.2 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate from 2016-2030
1.4 Market Segmentation
1.4.1 Types of Food
1.4.2 Applications of Food
1.4.3 Research Regions
1.5 Market Dynamics
1.5.1 Food Industry Trends
1.5.2 Food Drivers
1.5.3 Food Market Challenges
1.5.4 Food Market Restraints
1.6 Industry News and Policies by Regions
1.6.1 Industry News
1.6.2 Industry Policies
1.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
1.8 Food Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak
1.8.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview
1.8.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Food Industry Development
2 Industry Chain Analysis
2.1 Upstream Raw Material Supply and Demand Analysis
2.1.1 Global Food Major Upstream Raw Material and Suppliers
2.1.2 Raw Material Source Analysis
2.2 Major Players of Food
2.2.1 Major Players Manufacturing Base of Food in 2020
2.2.2 Major Players Market Distribution in 2020
2.3 Food Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.3.1 Production Process Analysis
2.3.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Food
2.3.3 Labor Cost of Food
2.4 Market Channel Analysis of Food
2.5 Major Down Stream Customers by Application
3 Global Food Market, by Type
3.1 Global Food Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Food Production and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate by Type (2016-2021)
3.3.1 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Pet food
3.3.2 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Baby Food
3.3.3 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Meat Stuff
3.3.4 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Condiments
3.3.5 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Breakfast Cereals
3.3.6 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Baked Goods
3.3.7 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Instant Noodles
3.3.8 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Snacks and Cookies
3.3.9 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Frozen Food
3.3.10 Global Food Revenue and Growth Rate of Others
3.4 Global Food Price Analysis by Type (2016-2021)
3.4.1 Explanation of Different Type Product Price Trends
4 Food Market, by Application
4.1 Downstream Market Overview
4.2 Global Food Consumption and Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
4.3 Global Food Consumption and Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
4.3.1 Global Food Consumption and Growth Rate of Supermarkets and Hypermarkets (2016-2021)
4.3.2 Global Food Consumption and Growth Rate of Convenience Stores (2016-2021)
4.3.3 Global Food Consumption and Growth Rate of Online Retailers (2016-2021)
4.3.4 Global Food Consumption and Growth Rate of Others (2016-2021)
5 Global Food Consumption, Revenue ($) by Region (2016-2021)
5.1 Global Food Revenue and Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Food Consumption and Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.4 North America Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.4.1 North America Food Market Under COVID-19
5.4.2 North America Food SWOT Analysis
5.5 Europe Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.5.1 Europe Food Market Under COVID-19
5.5.2 Europe Food SWOT Analysis
5.6 China Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.6.1 China Food Market Under COVID-19
5.6.2 China Food SWOT Analysis
5.7 Japan Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.7.1 Japan Food Market Under COVID-19
5.7.2 Japan Food SWOT Analysis
5.8 Middle East and Africa Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.8.1 Middle East and Africa Food Market Under COVID-19
5.8.2 Middle East and Africa Food SWOT Analysis
5.9 India Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.9.1 India Food Market Under COVID-19
5.9.2 India Food SWOT Analysis
5.10 South America Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.10.1 South America Food Market Under COVID-19
5.10.2 South America Food SWOT Analysis
5.11 South Korea Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.11.1 South Korea Food Market Under COVID-19
5.11.2 South Korea Food SWOT Analysis
5.12 Southeast Asia Food Consumption, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
5.12.1 Southeast Asia Food Market Under COVID-19
5.12.2 Southeast Asia Food SWOT Analysis
6 Global Food Production by Top Regions (2016-2021)
6.1 Global Food Production by Top Regions (2016-2021)
6.2 North America Food Production and Growth Rate
6.3 Europe Food Production and Growth Rate
6.4 China Food Production and Growth Rate
6.5 Japan Food Production and Growth Rate
6.6 India Food Production and Growth Rate
7 Global Food Consumption by Regions (2016-2021)
7.1 Global Food Consumption by Regions (2016-2021)
7.2 North America Food Consumption and Growth Rate
7.3 Europe Food Consumption and Growth Rate
7.4 China Food Consumption and Growth Rate
7.5 Japan Food Consumption and Growth Rate
7.6 Middle East & Africa Food Consumption and Growth Rate
7.7 India Food Consumption and Growth Rate
7.8 South America Food Consumption and Growth Rate
7.9 South Korea Food Consumption and Growth Rate
7.10 Southeast Asia Food Consumption and Growth Rate
8 Competitive Landscape
8.1 Competitive Profile
8.2 Nestlé Market Performance Analysis
8.2.1 Company Profiles
8.2.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Nestlé Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.2.4 Company Recent Development
8.2.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.3 Archer Daniels Midland Company Market Performance Analysis
8.3.1 Company Profiles
8.3.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Archer Daniels Midland Company Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.3.4 Company Recent Development
8.3.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.4 Cargill Market Performance Analysis
8.4.1 Company Profiles
8.4.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Cargill Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.4.4 Company Recent Development
8.4.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.5 JBS Market Performance Analysis
8.5.1 Company Profiles
8.5.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.5.3 JBS Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.5.4 Company Recent Development
8.5.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.6 Danone Market Performance Analysis
8.6.1 Company Profiles
8.6.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Danone Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.6.4 Company Recent Development
8.6.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.7 PepsiCo, Inc. Market Performance Analysis
8.7.1 Company Profiles
8.7.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.7.3 PepsiCo, Inc. Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.7.4 Company Recent Development
8.7.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.8 Mars Market Performance Analysis
8.8.1 Company Profiles
8.8.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Mars Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.8.4 Company Recent Development
8.8.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.9 Smithfield Foods/WH Group Market Performance Analysis
8.9.1 Company Profiles
8.9.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Smithfield Foods/WH Group Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.9.4 Company Recent Development
8.9.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.10 Kraft Heinz Company Market Performance Analysis
8.10.1 Company Profiles
8.10.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Kraft Heinz Company Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.10.4 Company Recent Development
8.10.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.11 Suntory Market Performance Analysis
8.11.1 Company Profiles
8.11.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.11.3 Suntory Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.11.4 Company Recent Development
8.11.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.12 Anheuser-Busch InBev Market Performance Analysis
8.12.1 Company Profiles
8.12.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.12.3 Anheuser-Busch InBev Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.12.4 Company Recent Development
8.12.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.13 Tyson Foods Market Performance Analysis
8.13.1 Company Profiles
8.13.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.13.3 Tyson Foods Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.13.4 Company Recent Development
8.13.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.14 The Coca-Cola Company Market Performance Analysis
8.14.1 Company Profiles
8.14.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.14.3 The Coca-Cola Company Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.14.4 Company Recent Development
8.14.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.15 Olam International Market Performance Analysis
8.15.1 Company Profiles
8.15.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.15.3 Olam International Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.15.4 Company Recent Development
8.15.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
8.16 Mondelez International Market Performance Analysis
8.16.1 Company Profiles
8.16.2 Food Product Profiles, Application and Specification
8.16.3 Mondelez International Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin 2016-2021
8.16.4 Company Recent Development
8.16.5 Strategies for Company to Deal with the Impact of COVID-19
9 Global Food Market Analysis and Forecast by Type and Application
9.1 Global Food Market Revenue & Volume Forecast, by Type (2021-2026)
9.1.1 Pet food Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.1.2 Baby Food Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.1.3 Meat Stuff Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.1.4 Condiments Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.1.5 Breakfast Cereals Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.1.6 Baked Goods Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.1.7 Instant Noodles Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.1.8 Snacks and Cookies Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.1.9 Frozen Food Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.1.10 Others Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.2 Global Food Market Revenue & Volume Forecast, by Application (2021-2026)
9.2.1 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.2.2 Convenience Stores Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.2.3 Online Retailers Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
9.2.4 Others Market Revenue and Volume Forecast (2021-2026)
10 Food Market Supply and Demand Forecast by Region
10.1 North America Market Supply and Demand Forecast (2021-2026)
10.2 Europe Market Supply and Demand Forecast (2021-2026)
10.3 China Market Supply and Demand Forecast (2021-2026)
10.4 Japan Market Supply and Demand Forecast (2021-2026)
10.5 Middle East and Africa Market Supply and Demand Forecast (2021-2026)
10.6 India Market Supply and Demand Forecast (2021-2026)
10.7 South America Market Supply and Demand Forecast (2021-2026)
10.8 South Korea Market Supply and Demand Forecast (2021-2026)
10.9 Southeast Asia Market Supply and Demand Forecast (2021-2026)
10.10 Explanation of Market Size Trends by Region
10.11 Food Market Trends Analysis
11 New Project Feasibility Analysis
11.1 Industry Barriers and New Entrants SWOT Analysis
11.2 Analysis and Suggestions on New Project Investment
12 Expert Interview Record
13 Research Finding and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Methodology
14.2 Research Data Source
 
Quality Assurance Process
- We Market Research’s Quality Assurance program strives to deliver superior value to our clients.
We Market Research senior executive is assigned to each consulting engagement and works closely with the project team to deliver as per the clients expectations.
Market Research Process
We Market Research monitors 3 important attributes during the QA process- Cost, Schedule & Quality. We believe them as a critical benchmark in achieving a project’s success.
To mitigate risks that can impact project success, we deploy the follow project delivery best practices:
- Project kickoff meeting with client
- Conduct frequent client communications
- Form project steering committee
- Assign a senior SR executive as QA Executive
- Conduct internal editorial & quality reviews of project deliverables
- Certify project staff in SR methodologies & standards
- Monitor client satisfaction
- Monitor realized value post-project
Case Study- Automotive Sector
One of the key manufacturers of automotive had plans to invest in electric utility vehicles. The electric cars and associated markets being a of evolving nature, the automotive client approached Straits Research for a detailed insight on the market forecasts. The client specifically asked for competitive analysis, regulatory framework, regional prospects studied under the influence of drivers, challenges, opportunities, and pricing in terms of revenue and sales (million units).
Solution
The overall study was executed in three stages, intending to help the client meet its objective of precisely understanding the entire market before deciding on an investment. At first, secondary research was conducted considering political, economic, social, and technological parameters to get a gist of the various aspects of the market. This stage of the study concluded with the derivation of drivers, opportunities, and challenges. It also laid substantial emphasis on understanding and collecting data not only on a global scale but also on the regional and country levels. Data Extraction through Primary Research
The second stage involved primary research in which several market players and automotive parts suppliers were contacted to study their viewpoint concerning the development of their market and production capacity, clientele, and product line. This stage concluded in a brief understanding of the competitive ecosystem and also glanced through the strategies and pricing of the companies profiled.
Market Estimates and Forecast
In the final stage of the study, market forecasts for the electric utility were derived using multiple market engineering approaches. This data helped the client to get an overview of the market and accelerate the process of investment.
Case Study- ICT Sector
Business process outsourcing, being one of the lucrative markets from both supply- and demand- side, has appealed to various companies. One of the prominent corporations based out of Japan approached us with their requirements regarding the scope of the procurement outsourcing market for around 50 countries. Additionally, the client also sought key players operating in the market and their revenue breakdown in terms of region and application.
Business Solution
An exhaustive market study was conducted based on primary and secondary research that involved factors such as labor costs in various countries, skilled and technical labors, manufacturing scenario, and their respective contributions in the global GDP. A comparative study of the market was conducted from both supply- and demand side, with the supply-side comprising of notable companies, such as GEP, Accenture, and others, that provide these services. On the other hand, large manufacturing companies from them demand-side were considered that opt for these services.
Conclusion
The report aided the client in understanding the market trends, including country-level business scenarios, consumer behavior, and trends in 50 countries. The report also provided financial insights of crucial players and detailed market estimations and forecasts till 2028.
}})
Pricing
Select a license type that suits your business needs
Single User Access
US $3950
Only Three Thousand Nine Hundred Fifty US dollar
- 1 User access
- 15% Additional Free Customization
- Free Unlimited post-sale support
- 100% Service Guarantee until achievement of ROI
Multi User Cost
US $4950
Only Four Thousand Nine Hundred Fifty US dollar
- 5 Users access
- 25% Additional Free Customization
- Access Report summaries for Free
- Guaranteed service
- Dedicated Account Manager
- Discount of 20% on next purchase
- Get personalized market brief from Lead Author
- Printing of Report permitted
- Discount of 20% on next purchase
- 100% Service Guarantee until achievement of ROI
Enterprise User Cost
US $5950
Only Five Thousand Nine Hundred Fifty US dollar
- Unlimited User Access
- 30% Additional Free Customization
- Exclusive Previews to latest or upcoming reports
- Discount of 30% on next purchase
- 100% Service Guarantee until achievement of ROI